Cookies All cookies created by the Laravel framework are encrypted and signed with an authentication code, meaning they will be considered invalid if they have been changed by the client. The cookie will automatically be attached to the final response from your application. Old Input You may need to keep input from one request until the next request. For example, you may need to re-populate a form after checking it for validation errors. Input::flashOnly 'username', 'email' ; Input::flashExcept 'password' ;.
Since you often will want to flash input in association with a redirect to the previous page, you may easily chain input flashing onto a redirect. Note: You may flash other data across requests using the Session class. Retrieving Old Data Input::old 'username' ;. Here are some of the highlights. If you need access to the Response class methods, but want to return a view as the response content, you may use the Response::view method for convenience:.
Note: Since the with method flashes data to the session, you may retrieve the data using the typical Session::get method. Views Views typically contain the HTML of your application and provide a convenient way of separating your controller and domain logic from your presentation logic. A simple view could look something like this:. The second argument passed to View::make is an array of data that should be made available to the view.
View Composers View composers are callbacks or class methods that are called when a view is rendered. If you have data that you want bound to a given view each time that view is rendered throughout your application, a view composer can organize that code into a single location.
Therefore, view composers may function like view models or presenters. Defining A View Composer. Now each time the profile view is rendered, the count data will be bound to the view. If you would rather use a class based composer, which will provide the benefits of being resolved through the application IoC Container, you may do so: View::composer 'profile', 'ProfileComposer' ;.
Defining Multiple Composers You may use the composers method to register a group of composers at the same time:. Note: There is no convention on where composer classes may be stored. You are free to store them anywhere as long as they can be autoloaded using the directives in your composer. View Creators View creators work almost exactly like view composers; however, they are fired immediately when the view is instantiated. The macro function accepts a name as its first argument, and a Closure as its second.
The macros Closure will be executed when calling the macro name on the Response class: return Response::caps 'foo' ;. Alternatively, you may organize your macros into a separate file which is included from one of your start files. Basic Controllers Instead of defining all of your route-level logic in a single routes. Controllers can group related route logic into a class, as well as take advantage of more advanced framework features such as automatic dependency injection.
However, controllers can technically live in any directory or any sub-directory. Route declarations are not dependent on the location of the controller class file on disk. So, as long as Composer knows how to autoload the controller class, it may be placed anywhere you wish. All controllers should extend the BaseController class.
Note: Since were using Composer to auto-load our PHP classes, controllers may live anywhere on the file system, as long as composer knows how to load them. The controller directory does not enforce any folder structure for your application. Routing to controllers is entirely de-coupled from the file system. First, define the route using the Route::controller method: Route::controller 'users', 'UserController' ;.
The controller method accepts two arguments. The first is the base URI the controller handles, while the second is the class name of the controller. Next, just add methods to your controller,. The index methods will respond to the root URI handled by the controller, which, in this case, is users. If your controller action contains multiple words, you may access the action using dash syntax in the URI.
For example, you may wish to create a controller that manages photos stored by your application. Using the controller:make command via the Artisan CLI and the Route::resource method, we can quickly create such a controller.
To create the controller via the command line, execute the following command:. Now we can register a resourceful route to the controller: Route::resource 'photo', 'PhotoController' ;. This single route declaration creates multiple routes to handle a variety of RESTful actions on the photo resource. Likewise, the generated controller will already have stubbed methods for each of these actions with notes informing you which URIs and verbs they handle. Handling Missing Methods A catch-all method may be defined which will be called when no other matching method is found on a given controller.
By default, the logger is configured to use a single log file; however, you may customize this behavior as needed. Since Laravel uses the popular Monolog logging library, you can take advantage of the variety of handlers that Monolog offers.
Error Detail By default, error detail is enabled for your application. This means that when an error occurs you will be shown an error page with a detailed stack trace and error message. Note: It is strongly recommended that you turn off error detail in a production environment.
This is the most basic error handler. However, you may specify more handlers if needed. Handlers are called based on the type-hint of the Exception they handle. Something is wrong with this account! If you have several exception handlers, they should be defined from most generic to most specific. Laravel offers you freedom in this area. In general, this is a convenient location to place any bootstrapping code.
A third option is to create a service provider that registers the handlers. Again, there is no single correct answer. Choose a location that you are comfortable with. For example, this may be a page not found error , an unauthorized error or even a developer generated error.
In order to return such a response, use the following: App::abort ;. Optionally, you may provide a response: App::abort , 'Unauthorized action. Handling Errors You may register an error handler that handles all Not Found errors in your application, allowing you to easily return custom error pages:.
Logging The Laravel logging facilities provide a simple layer on top of the powerful Monolog library. You may write information to the log like so: Log::info 'This is some useful information. The logger provides the seven logging levels defined in RFC debug, info, notice, warning, error, critical, and alert. Monolog has a variety of additional handlers you may use for logging.
Configuration Laravel aims to make implementing authentication very simple. In fact, almost everything is configured for you out of the box. Please remember when building the Schema for this Model to ensure that the password field is a minimum of 60 characters.
If your application is not using Eloquent, you may use the database authentication driver which uses the Laravel query builder. This column will be used to store a token for remember me sessions being maintained by your application.
Authenticating Users To log a user into your application, you may use the Auth::attempt method. Take note that email is not a required option, it is merely used for example. You should use whatever column name corresponds to a username in your database. The Redirect::intended function will redirect the user to the URL they were trying to access before being caught by the authentication filter. A fallback URI may be given to this method in case the intended destination is not available.
When the attempt method is called, the auth. If the authentication attempt is successful and the user is logged in, the auth. Authenticating A User And Remembering Them If you would like to provide remember me functionality in your application, you may pass true as the second argument to the attempt method, which will keep the user authenticated indefinitely or until they manually logout.
Note: If the attempt method returns true, the user is considered logged into the application. Authenticating A User With Conditions You also may add extra conditions to the authenticating query:. Note: For added protection against session fixation, the users session ID will automatically be regenerated after authenticating.
Validating User Credentials Without Login The validate method allows you to validate a users credentials without actually logging them into the application:.
No sessions or cookies will be utilized. Protecting Routes Route filters may be used to allow only authenticated users to access a given route. CSRF Protection Laravel provides an easy method of protecting your application from cross-site request forgeries.
To get started, attach the auth. By default, the basic filter will use the email column on the user record when authenticating. To do so, define a filter that returns the onceBasic method: Route::filter 'basic. The following lines should be added to your. Rather than forcing you to re-implement this on each application, Laravel provides convenient methods for sending password reminders and performing password resets. Generating The Reminder Table Migration Next, a table must be created to store the password reset tokens.
To generate a migration for this table, simply execute the auth:reminders-table Artisan command: php artisan auth:reminders-table php artisan migrate. Password Reminder Controller Now were ready to generate the password reminder controller. To automatically generate a controller, you may use the auth:reminders-controller Artisan command, which will create a RemindersController. The generated controller will already have a getRemind method that handles showing your password reminder form. All you need to do is create a password.
This view should have a basic form with an email field. A simple form on the password. In addition to getRemind, the generated controller will already have a postRemind method that handles sending the password reminder e-mails to your users. This method expects the email field to be present in the POST variables. If the reminder e-mail is successfully sent to the user, a status message will be flashed to the session. If the reminder fails, an error message will be flashed instead.
Your user will receive an e-mail with a link that points to the getReset method of the controller. The password reminder token, which is used to identify a given password reminder attempt, will also be passed to the controller method. The action is already configured to return a password.
The token will be passed to the view, and you should place this token in a hidden form field named token. Finally, the postReset method is responsible for actually changing the password in storage. In this controller action, the Closure passed to the Password::reset method sets the password attribute on the User and calls the save method. Of course, this Closure is assuming your User model is an Eloquent model; however, you are free to change this Closure as needed to be compatible with your applications database storage system.
If the password is successfully reset, the user will be redirected to the root of your application. Again, you are free to change this redirect URL.
If the password reset fails, the user will be redirect back to the reset form, and an error message will be flashed to the session. You may customize these rules using the Password::validator method, which accepts a Closure.
Within this Closure, you may do any password validation you wish. Note that you are not required to verify that the passwords match, as this will be done automatically by the framework. Note: By default, password reset tokens expire after one hour. You may change this via the reminder. Otherwise, encrypted values will not be secure. Authentication Drivers Laravel offers the database and eloquent authentication drivers out of the box. For more information about adding additional authentication drivers, check out the Authentication extension documentation.
Introduction Laravel Cashier provides an expressive, fluent interface to Stripes subscription billing services. It handles almost all of the boilerplate subscription billing code you are dreading writing.
In addition to basic subscription management, Cashier can handle coupons, swapping subscription, subscription quantities, cancellation grace periods, and even generate invoice PDFs. Configuration Composer First, add the Cashier package to your composer. Migration Before using Cashier, well need to add several columns to your database.
Dont worry, you can use the cashier:table Artisan command to create a migration to add the necessary column. Once the migration has been created, simply run the migrate command. The subscription method will automatically create the Stripe subscription, as well as update your database with Stripe customer ID and other relevant billing information. If your plan has a trial configured in Stripe, the trial end date will also automatically be set on the user record.
If the user is on trial, the trial will be maintained as normal. Also, if a quantity exists for the subscription, that quantity will also be maintained. Subscription Quantity Sometimes subscriptions are affected by quantity. This column is used to know when the subscribed method should begin returning false. For example, if a customer cancels a subscription on March 1st, but the subscription was not scheduled to end until March 5th, the subscribed method will continue to return true until March 5th.
If the user cancels a subscription and then resumes that subscription before the subscription has fully expired, they will not be billed immediately. Their subscription will simply be re-activated, and they will be billed on the original billing cycle.
You may also determine if the user is still within their trial period if applicable using the onTrial method:. You may also determine if a user has cancelled their subscription, but are still on their grace period until the subscription fully expires. For example, if a user cancels a subscription on March 5th that was scheduled to end on March 10th, the user is on their grace period until March 10th.
Note that the subscribed method still returns true during this time. Handling Failed Payments What if a customers credit card expires? No worries - Cashier includes a Webhook controller that can easily cancel the customers subscription for you. Thats it!
Failed payments will be captured and handled by the controller. The controller will cancel the customers subscription after three failed payment attempts. You will need to configure the URI in your Stripe settings. Note: In addition to updating the subscription information in your database, the Webhook controller will also cancel the subscription via the Stripe API.
Use the downloadInvoice method to generate a PDF download of the invoice. Configuration Laravel provides a unified API for various caching systems. In this file you may specify which cache driver you would like used by default throughout your application. Laravel supports popular caching backends like Memcached and Redis out of the box. The cache configuration file also contains various other options, which are documented within the file, so make sure to read over these options.
By default, Laravel is configured to use the file cache driver, which stores the serialized, cached objects in the filesystem. For larger applications, it is recommended that you use an in-memory cache such as Memcached or APC.
The add method will return true if the item is actually added to the cache. Otherwise, the method will return false. Sometimes you may wish to retrieve an item from the cache, but also store a default value if the requested item doesnt exist. Note that all items stored in the cache are serialized, so you are free to store any type of data. Cache Tags Note: Cache tags are not supported when using the file or database cache drivers. Furthermore, when using multiple tags with caches that are stored forever, performance will be best with a driver such as memcached, which automatically purges stale records.
Accessing A Tagged Cache Cache tags allow you to tag related items in the cache, and then flush all caches tagged with a given name. To access a tagged cache, use the tags method. You may use any cache storage method in combination with tags, including remember, forever, and rememberForever.
You may also access cached items from the tagged cache, as well as use the other cache methods such as increment and decrement. You may flush all items tagged with a name or list of names. For example, this statement would remove all caches tagged with either people, authors, or both. In contrast, this statement would remove only caches tagged with authors, so John would be removed, but not Anne.
Database Cache When using the database cache driver, you will need to setup a table to contain the cache items. Youll find an example Schema declaration for the table below:.
Introduction Laravel offers many extension points for you to customize the behavior of the frameworks core components, or even replace them entirely.
For example, the hashing facilities are defined by a HasherInterface contract, which you may implement based on your applications requirements.
You may also extend the Request object, allowing you to add your own convenient helper methods. You may even add entirely new authentication, cache, and session drivers! Laravel components are generally extended in two ways: binding new implementations in the IoC container, or registering an extension with a Manager class, which are implementations of the Factory design pattern.
In this chapter well explore the various methods of extending the framework and examine the necessary code. Note: Remember, Laravel components are typically extended in one of two ways: IoC bindings and the Manager classes. The manager classes serve as an implementation of the factory design pattern, and are responsible for instantiating driver based facilities such as cache and session. These include the cache, session, authentication, and queue components.
The manager class is responsible for creating a particular driver implementation based on the applications configuration. Each of these managers includes an extend method which may be used to easily inject new driver resolution functionality into the manager.
Well cover each of these managers below, with examples of how to inject custom driver support into each of them. Reading through these classes will give you a more thorough understanding of how Laravel works under the hood.
Where To Extend This documentation covers how to extend a variety of Laravels components, but you may be wondering where to place your extension code. Like most other bootstrapping code, you are free to place some extensions in your start files. Cache and Auth extensions are good candidates for this approach. Other extensions, like Session, must be placed in the register method of a service provider since they are needed very early in the request life-cycle.
Cache To extend the Laravel cache facility, we will use the extend method on the CacheManager, which is used to bind a custom driver resolver to the manager, and is common across all manager classes. The first argument passed to the extend method is the name of the driver.
So, our MongoDB cache implementation would look something like this:. We just need to implement each of these methods using a MongoDB connection. There is typically no need to create your own repository class. If youre wondering where to put your custom cache driver code, consider making it available on Packagist!
Or, you could create an Extensions namespace within your applications primary folder. However, keep in mind that Laravel does not have a rigid application structure and you are free to organize your application according to your preferences.
Note: If youre ever wondering where to put a piece of code, always consider a service provider. As weve discussed, using a service provider to organize framework extensions is a great way to organize your code. Session Extending Laravel with a custom session driver is just as easy as extending the cache system. Since sessions are started very early in the request-lifecycle, registering the extensions in a start file will happen too late.
Instead, a service provider will be needed. This interface is included in the PHP 5. If you are using PHP 5. This interface contains just a few simple methods we need to implement.
Since these methods are not as readily understandable as the cache StoreInterface, lets quickly cover what each of the methods do:. The open method would typically be used in file based session store systems. Since Laravel ships with a file session driver, you will almost never need to put anything in this method.
You can leave it as an empty stub. It is simply a fact of poor interface design which well discuss later that PHP requires us to implement this method. The close method, like the open method, can also usually be disregarded. For most drivers, it is not needed. There is no need to do any serialization or other encoding when retrieving or storing session data in your driver, as Laravel will perform the serialization for you. For self-expiring systems like Memcached and Redis, this method may be left empty.
Note: Remember, if you write a custom session handler, share it on Packagist! Authentication Authentication may be extended the same way as the cache and session facilities.
Again, we will use the extend method we have become familiar with:. These two interfaces allow the Laravel authentication mechanisms to continue functioning regardless of how the user data is stored or what type of class is used to represent it.
The UserInterface implementation matching the ID should be retrieved and returned by the method. The retrieveByCredentials method receives the array of credentials passed to the Auth::attempt method when attempting to sign into an application.
The method should then query the underlying persistent storage for the user matching those credentials. This method should not attempt to do any password validation or authentication. Now that we have explored each of the methods on the UserProviderInterface, lets take a look at the UserInterface. Remember, the provider should return implementations of this interface from the retrieveById and retrieveByCredentials methods:.
This interface is simple. The getAuthIdentifier method should return the primary key of the user. In a MySQL back-end, again, this would be the auto-incrementing primary key.
The getAuthPassword should return the users hashed password. This interface allows the authentication system to work with any User class, regardless of what ORM or storage abstraction layer you are using.
As you have time, you should skim through each of these providers source code. By doing so, you will gain a much better understanding of what each provider adds to the framework, as well as what keys are used to bind various services into the IoC container.
You can easily extend and override this class within your own application by overriding this IoC binding. For example:. This is the general method of extending any core class that is bound in the container. Essentially every core class is bound in the container in this fashion, and can be overridden. Again, reading through the included framework service providers will familiarize you with where various classes are bound into the container, and what keys they are bound by.
This is a great way to learn more about how Laravel is put together. Request Extension Because it is such a foundational piece of the framework and is instantiated very early in the request cycle, extending the Request class works a little differently than the previous examples. This file is one of the very first files to be included on each request to your application. So, we need a way to specify a custom class that should be used as the default request type, right? And, thankfully, the requestClass method on the application instance does just this!
Once you have specified the custom request class, Laravel will use this class anytime it creates a Request instance, conveniently allowing you to always have an instance of your custom request class available, even in unit tests! Basic Usage The Laravel Event class provides a simple observer implementation, allowing you to subscribe and listen for events in your application.
Subscribing To An Event Event::listen 'auth. Listeners with higher priority will be run first, while listeners that have the same priority will be run in order of subscription.
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